Organizational free essay sample

Chapter by chapter guide Introduction Organizational culture is a significant piece of any association, for this is the standards an organization represent. Without a solid, stable culture, an association makes certain to bomb sooner than later. I will currently talk about the subjects quickly referenced in task 1. 1. The authoritative culture of the association where I work: 1. 1. A) Definition of Organizational culture and 4 sorts of societies. Hierarchical culture alludes to the common qualities, standards, dreams, images, convictions, propensity, working language between individuals sharing a workplace. There are, as indicated by (Greenberg, 2011) four sorts of hierarchical societies that exist. (Control) Hierarchy culture: These are normally enormous, bureaucratic companies where smooth creation, without sat around idly is significant. Dependability, control, inner center, normalization and incorporation are key standards to this framework. Pioneers in such a framework ought to sort out, screen and organize the individuals and procedure completely. (Contend) Market culture: These associations are additionally worried about strength and control, yet rather than concentrating on inward factors, they center around outside. This framework is worried about rivalry. They take a gander at all different associations contending in a similar market and afterward center around their connections or exchanges with providers, clients, contractual workers, associations, lawmakers, experts, controllers and so on. They accept that they’ll make progress by concentrating on compelling relations (outer). (Work together) Clan culture: Inward center is significant, same as the pecking order framework, anyway group societies underscores adaptability instead of control and inflexibility. At such associations, the prosperity of laborers starts things out. It is said that individuals working in a family social condition feel identified with their colleagues due to the warm, well disposed nature. (Make) Adhocracy: This culture alludes to something contrary to organization, concentrating on adaptability and the outside condition. It’s about circumstances, critical thinking and result. These sort of organizations ought to consistently be exceptional in regards to advancement and innovation. Commonplace case of such associations is programming creating organizations. The way of life of the association where I work: The hierarchical culture at my organization is the Create or Adhocracy culture (characterized above) According to Waterman’s hypothesis (refered to in Greenberg, 2011) an Adhocracy culture goes past the customary bureaucratic lines to catch openings, take care of issues and get results. In my association, we center around development and imagination. Collaboration is fundamental, since programming engineers need to separate the work because of the remaining task at hand. 2. How are new representatives suited in the association? Settlement can allude to exceptional necessities of certain workers or simply considering and regarding all members’ race, ethnic gathering, shading, nationality, social inception, religion, age, conjugal status, sexual direction, sex, feelings, family status and wellspring of salary. In my organization, regard is a significant angle, we acknowledge each part the manner in which they are. Supporting each other instead of dismissing. (Denison, 1990). In my association, we utilize a procedure called â€Å"Onboarding†. Onboarding is the procedure whereby data, preparing, tutoring and training is given to new individuals. This causes new individuals to feel welcome and educated. This likewise expands profitability from the earliest starting point, lessens costs because of blemishes and spares collaborators preparing time. As indicated by (Parker, 1993) this procedure incorporates four phases to let new representatives â€Å"onboard†. Obtaining is the initial step we use in the onboarding procedure: In this initial step, newcomers will be acquainted with associates. The gathering where the representative will work is as of now chose before his/her appearance. The representative will presently get the chance to converse with other gathering individuals to make a psychological image of what the work will incorporate. Convenience is the subsequent stage, new representatives are given all the vital assets to make their working experience lovely. In my organization, new representatives get a PC, which remains at the workplace consistently. This PC will have all the most up to date programming on it, guaranteeing that the representative can carry out the responsibilities adequately with no distress. Osmosis is stage 3 of onboarding. The understudy will currently be dispensed to a progressively experienced part. This part will show the understudy around, giving him where everything is and given him a compressed lesson about what will be anticipated from him. The assistant would now be able to shadow the individual to get the hang of things. Kindly note that the newcomer is required to have all the abilities expected to get this activity. Like the fundamental degrees and so forth , which was considered before designating the activity to the individual? Quickening: In this stage, new individuals take part in their working assignments, despite everything learning as they go, yet now they can feel good in their workplace. In this stage the outcomes are brought to the table and decently workers presently get the opportunity to perform and show everyone what their made of. 3. How my authoritative culture can be improved: Before talking about the stages I will take to do as such, there are a couple of center rules that ought to be set up. Qualities are the main, which implies the fundamental beliefs and accepts of the organization ought to be explained unmistakably. All representatives should comprehend what the organization rely on. Second are objectives. At the point when everybody comprehends what the objectives and achievements of the organization are, they recognize what is anticipated from them. Consistency is the following major point-keeping the measures and objectives high. Correspondence, significant in each part of life is additionally imperative to improve the way of life in associations. The last point is festivity everyone needs some compensation for good work done. This will rouse representatives to make a solid effort to arrive at the up and coming objectives and having a fabulous time in the working environment is essential. (Denison , 1990). The above isn't the systems I will follow to improve my hierarchical culture, its significant components that frames the premise of a decent authoritative culture. The phases of progress incorporate procedures to spread the way of life all through the organization and past the outskirts of the organization and let everybody know about them. I accept through doing that, the way of life will improve. Here follows 6 techniques Symbols: Symbols are, as indicated by (Ornstein, 1986) those items, not requiring words to be depicted. The images of an association can rest in the sitting area, the size of the structure, the honors sticking around, the environment when you stroll into the entryways and so on these images let you comprehend what the organization is about. In this way, it explains the authoritative culture. Trademarks Phrases that sum up the hierarchical culture: Slogans are those snappy tunes or making statements one of a kind to a specific organization. The motto can disclose to you a great deal about the companies’ culture, in light of the fact that the organizations â€Å"heart† is catches in a couple of expressions. In this manner, the representatives and open can get a handle on the substance of the associations though the way of life is improved. Stories: These are the re-composing of significant and snappy crossroads in the company’s history. The recounting these accounts can re-acquaint significant qualities with representatives. (Martin, 1982). These accounts may be told in a conventional manner (in a gathering) or casually (workers drinking espresso). These accounts remind representatives how â€Å"we use to do it around here† and in a roundabout way making a few desires or rules. Through this the workers get an away from of what the organization values. Language: These are the ordinary language utilized in the organization. Organizations may likewise make their own expressions or words, which are comprehended by one another. These languages may get one of a kind to this organization, however may likewise spread out to the general population, making the organization â€Å"famous† for their remarkable words. As indicated by (Carroll. 1993) Jargons are particularly well known in the cutting edge world (like my organization is). Functions: These unique occasions commend whatever it is that it generally fundamental to the organization. By taking a gander at the purpose behind festival, you will become acquainted with the center convictions and estimations of an organization. Accordingly, by facilitating services, the workers and open can perceive what is esteemed the most. This will reinforce the way of life of the association. Ultimately is Statements of Principle: Defining society through composition: This implies presenting an announcement of guideline. In this announcement lie the fundamental beliefs of your organization, strengthening and explaining the characteristics of the organization. (Carroll, 1993). List of sources Carroll, P. (1993). Huge blues: The unmaking of IBM. New York: Crown. Denison, R (1990). Corporate culture and authoritative viability (third ed. ) Oxford, England: John Wiley Sons. Greenberg, J (2011). Conduct in Organizations. Martin, J. (1982). Stories and contents in hierarchical settings. In A. Hastorf A. Isen (Eds. ), Cognitive social brain science (pp 255-306). New York: Elsevier-North Holland. Ornstein, S. L. (1986). Hierarchical images: An investigation of their implications and effects on apparent mental atmosphere. In J. Greenberg, Behavior in Organizations (p 520). London: Pearson Publications. Parker, M (1993). Postmodernism and associations. Sage Publications ltd.

Investment Enhancement Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Venture Enhancement Paper - Essay Example Additionally by enhance portfolio financial specialists can acquire increasingly steady profits for their venture and in the event that one stock doesn't perform well and doesn't yield positive return then the other one could perform well and yield positive return consequently the general danger of the portfolio is diminished and speculators are in a situation to spare their venture from variances of stock just as market. There are various methods that financial specialists around the globe use to broaden their portfolio and augment their arrival. Putting globally or in the universal markets is one of the most widely recognized procedures that financial specialists use to broaden their portfolio. This gives more opportunities to financial specialists to upgrade their venture and acquire better returns. Notwithstanding while at the same time making venture universally, financial specialists have likewise utilized elective speculation vehicles to broaden their portfolio and to improve their venture. This report breaks down how financial specialists around the globe have been enhancing their portfolio by contributing universally and by utilizing elective vehicles. global portfolio enhancement on a speculation portfolio When financial specialists are putting resources into a specific resource they typically face two sorts of dangers. These two kinds of hazard are; precise hazard and nonsystematic chance. These kinds of hazard impact the stock cost and in this way the arrival of the financial specialists is changed. Non-methodical hazard is the danger of a specific resource, stock or organization in which the speculation is being made and it is likewise called the diversifiable hazard as it very well may be decreased definitely by making a portfolio and expanding the venture. The other sort of hazard is known as the orderly hazard and it is the market hazard or danger of a portfolio. The danger of a stock is diminished by expanding the portfolio and by making intere st in supply of various businesses. Anyway considerably subsequent to broadening the portfolio in a specific market, the market hazard can't be decreased (Gitman, 2003). The accompanying diagram shows that as the financial specialist enhances its portfolio the non-efficient danger of the portfolio diminishes and as the portfolio turns out to be increasingly expanded, the non-foundational hazard lessens. Anyway by differentiating portfolio, the methodical hazard or market chance isn't expanded or decreased. Market hazard is the hazard that can be a result of variances in the market, monetary state of the nation, political shakiness and a few other macroeconomic components that would straightforwardly or in a roundabout way sway the stock costs. (Source: Systematic versus Non-Systematic Risk) so as to upgrade the venture and further diminish the danger of the portfolio, financial specialists have begun putting stocks and resources in different nations as it decreases the market chance . By putting resources into various markets, the effect of progress in the arrival due to a specific market is diminished in the general venture and subsequently the general danger of the portfolio is decreased. The accompanying chart mirrors that the danger of the portfolio is additionally decreased as stocks from different pieces of the world are remembered for the portfolio. Along these lines broadening portfolio and putting resources into various stocks the world over would lessen the danger of the portfolio and in this manner it would upgrade the venture. In this way, contributing globally would lessen the market hazard and hence the general hazard

Blog Archive MBA News Duke (Fuqua) Releases its Essay Questions

Blog Archive MBA News Duke (Fuqua) Releases its Essay Questions Duke has released its essay questions for teh coming year. Our analysis will follow shortly New Essays for Fall 2011 Entry Three essay questions must be completed before submitting your application. Prepare your essays carefully. The Admissions Committee considers your responses to the following questions important in the selection process. Please respond fully and concisely using 1.5 line spacing.  Your response to each question should be no more than 2 pages in length, with a font size no less than 10-point. Candidates who applied to The Duke MBA between September 2009 and April 2010 are considered re-applicants. All re-applicants are required to complete the Re-applicant Essay in addition to the Applicant Essays. All applicants have the opportunity to submit an optional essay to explain any extenuating circumstances of which the Admissions Committee should be aware. Applicant Essays : Answer all  3 essay questions. Today, companies must navigate through complex and interdependent issues.  They must deal with health and security matters, environmental impact questions, and diversity and cultural concerns.  Leaders need adaptability, imagination, emotional intelligence, and  business acumen.  Thus, Duke is in the midst of an ambitious global venture that will embed and connect us around the world, and we are seeking future leaders of consequence, who value diversity and collaborative leadership, and who aspire to impact the companies and communities of which they are a part in a lasting and positive way. In an effort to identify, engage, and foster the development of future leaders of consequence, the Admissions Committee would like to get to know our applicants in a more holistic manner.  We would like to know who you are, what has shaped you into the person you are today, and how you hope to impact both Duke and the communities of which you will be a part in the future.  The essays are your opportunity to convey that to us.  Please be open, genuine, and passionate.  Share with us what makes you a dynamic, multi-dimensional person. Describe your vision for your career and your inspiration for pursuing this career path.   How will your background, values, and non-work activities enhance the experience of other Duke MBA students and add value to Fuquas diverse culture?   Why Duke?  (If you are interested in a specific concentration, joint degree, clubs or activities, please discuss how you would contribute to these in this essay.) Optional Essay (not required) If you feel there are extenuating circumstances of which the Admissions Committee should be aware, please explain them here (e.g., unexplained gaps in work, choice of recommenders, inconsistent or questionable academic performance, significant weakness in your application). Share ThisTweet Duke University (Fuqua) News Blog Archive MBA News Duke (Fuqua) Releases its Essay Questions It seems that admissions season is in full bloom.  Fuqua joins the list of schools that has released its essay questions. Our analysis will follow in the coming days   Three short answer questions and one long essay question must be completed before submitting your application. Prepare your essays carefully. The Admissions Committee considers your responses to the following questions important in the selection process. Please respond fully and concisely using 1.5 line spacing. For the short answer questions, please restrict your response to a single page each. For the long essay question, please restrict your response to two pages. Please avoid using a font size smaller than 10-point.   Candidates who applied to Fuqua between September 2007 and April 2008 are considered reapplicants.   All reapplicants are required to complete the Reapplicant Essay in addition to the Applicant Essays.   All applicants have the opportunity to submit an optional essay to explain any extenuating circumstances of which the Admissions Committee should be aware. Short Answer Essays Answer all short answer essay questions. 1. What do you hope to gain from The Duke MBA?   How does it fit into your short- and long- term goals? If you are interested in a joint degree or the Health Sector Management program, please address in this response. 2. How will you contribute to the overall experience of your peers at The Duke MBA?   3. Discuss a person, event or experience that has significantly shaped your life and explain why. Note: The goal of this essay is to get a sense of who you are, rather than what you have achieved professionally. Long Essay Answer the long essay question below. Today, companies must navigate through complex and interdependent issues. They must deal with health and security matters, environmental impact questions, and diversity and cultural concerns.   Leaders need adaptability, imagination, and emotional intelligence as well as business acumen. Upon graduation, a Duke MBA will be a leader of consequence able to deal simultaneously with complex matters and engage skillfully with colleagues, clients, and community.   What impact do you hope to have as a leader of consequence? Share ThisTweet Blogroll News

Interview with Business Owner Essay examples - 1725 Words

Nilima Rawal BMGT110 University of Maryland University College September 23, 2012 Abstract For my interview I decided to choose the owner of 6 different Subway Restaurants in Maryland. It was an honor to interview my friend Mr. Sharad Doshi. He has been in this industry for past five years. I chose him because he has been an inspiration to everyone. Looking at his accomplishments, makes us feel very proud and I knew for sure, for me, the best person to interview would be him. Subway is an American Restaurant Franchise that primarily sells Sandwiches (Subs) and Salads. It is owned and operated by Doctors Associates, Inc. (DAI). Subway is one of the fastest growing†¦show more content†¦This year Subway owners collected $330,000.00 and donated to American Diabetic Association to prevent and educate people about Diabetes (Subway.com) He says I strongly believe that my store has a positive impact on the economy. Since the economy is in recession, people dont want to spend lot of money on expensive restaurants. As mentioned earlier, subway provides healthy meal options at a very affordable price to the people. We started offering $5 foot long subs in order for our customers to get healthy food at a very low cost. People can eat fast food and lose weight. Our classic example is of Jared, who lost 180 pounds just by eating Subways healthy sandwiches. According to the Subway official website, Subway has impacted the environmental issue by switching to napkins that use 100% recycled materials, of which 60% is post-consumer recyclable material. Recycled material can include material such as wood chips; while post-consumer recycled material is paper that has already been used by consumers. Subway estimates it will save about 147,000 trees a year. The company also switched to cutlery and plastic drinking cups made of po lypropylene instead of polystyrene, which it estimates will save 13,000 barrels of oil annually. Subway sandwiches are extremely popular in different parts of the world and in some places, it has reachedShow MoreRelatedInterview with a Business Owner2214 Words   |  9 PagesInterview with a Business Owner By: James Yoo University of Maryland University College Author Note This paper was prepared for BMGT 110, taught by Debra Black. Table of Contents Abstract†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦...3 Interview with Patrizia Florino†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦4 Starting Up Amore Italia†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.4 What it takes to be a business owner†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦..5-6 What’s the future of Amore Italia?...............................Read MoreAn Interview With The Business Owner Of Merit Decorating Center1027 Words   |  5 PagesOn Saturday, October 10th, 2015, an interview was conducted with the business owner of Merit Decorating Centre, Tony Malatesta, through e-mail communication. 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Educational Progress Arizona s School System - 1253 Words

Educational Progress Arizona has been known for a few years to be a part of the worst educational performance and it only makes people question when the board of education will do something or anything at all to change this. Arizona’s school system drastically dropped from ranks for several years now. It’s important that changes be made to the ineffective school system. The future of the world has always lied in the hands of the youngest generation because soon enough they will grow up to be the presidents and government of the United States. Proving, of course, that one should not settle for anything less than the best education for all the young children, no matter where they live. Arizona was placed â€Å"48 out of the 50† states in educational performance and being that low should be a signal for the board of education to make strict changes to enhance its educational system (Bernardo). An easy and not so problematic way of getting a better learning process is more one on one tutoring. Kids are being placed in classes together and not all of them learn at the same rate. One child might understand something without complications. Yet, the other might not understand a simple step. With classes with various amounts of kids, not all of them are able to get the attention needed to figure out that one step. If each of them were walked through the process of things individually, there would obviously be a better chance of understanding the content. Arun Alagappan properly statedShow MoreRelatedThe Future Of Arizona Should Help Fund The Implementation Of A New Education System Essay1655 Words   |  7 Pagesthe Future of Arizona should help fund the implementation of a new education system that will effectively meet the needs in order for Arizona to become one of the best in K-12 education in the nation. 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Biography of Photographer Dorothea Lange Essay - 632 Words

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Interstimulus Interval Class Data

Question: Discuss about theInterstimulus Interval for Class Data. Answer: Reaction Time Graphs The Plot of Mean Reaction Time [RT] (y-axis) against the Interstimulus Interval [ISI] Using the class data. This plot has three different functions that represent the three matches; identical, name and different. Figure 1: Line graph of Reaction Time against ISI using class data Individual Data obtained has also been used to plot the line graph (Individual Data [y-axis] against Interstimulus interval [x-axis]), thus showing the three matches in graphical representations as shown below in figure 2. Figure 2: Line graph of Identical, Name and Different matches for Individual Data Accuracy Time Graphs The class data for accuracy, which is a proportion has been used to plot functions for Identical, Name, and Different matches. Therefore, a line graph has been generated for Accuracy (y-axis) data against the Interstimulus Interval (x-axis). Figure 3: A line graph for Accuracy against Interstimulus Interval for individual data Accuracy Individual Data has also been used to plot Identical, Name and Different functions with Accuracy as the y-axis and Interstimulus Interval as x-axis (Accuracy against ISI). Figure 4: Accuracy against ISI line graph using individual data Graphical representation for Physical match against name match Figure 5: Line graph for Physical match against the name match Evidence of Recoding According to George Miller (1994), recoding is the process in which visual information are changed/converted into a longer representation within the first second when an individual sets eyes on something or an object (Miller, 1994). Therefore, when the visual object have been processed within the first one second, it will be referred as memorable. Otherwise, it is lost forever. Therefore, based on the same discussion, Posner et al., 1969 stated that conversion of visual data entails recoding into phonetic or verbal representations. In this case, an individual will have to visualise an object or letters before the mind converts it into something verbal (Posner, Boies, Eichelman, Taylor, 1969). There is evidence of recoding in the data provided based on the difference in the reaction to the identical, name and different matches. Based on the class data, it has been shown that the response for the identical was fastest and different match was slowest. This data has clearly shown that there was evidence of recoding because the responses were not of the same timing. Based on data I collected, there were some differences in the expectations, that might have been affected by some factors, but recoding has been seen. There was a variation on the name match the time used to react on Identical was significantly slower than the reaction time for the different match. Are the No Responses Slower than the Yes Responses? My No responses were slower than Yes responses. Based on the individual data obtained, if the identical match is considered, the No response used less time than the first Yes response. On the Name match, both Yes responses were slower than the No response. Finally, the Different match had one yes response that was slower than one of the No responses and faster than the other. Therefore, it can be concluded that the No responses were slower than Yes responses because (75%) of the no responses were faster. Speed-Accuracy Trade-off. This is a condition in which when an individual who is faster in making a decision about a visual object is likely to make the wrong judgment about the real definition or seeing the subject under search. For instance, an individual who is using a computer, the faster the touchpad or mouse is moved, the higher the probability of not seeing a certain icon in the loaded desktop. In the case of the data recorded, the faster responses have produced higher levels of errors. Therefore, the impact of speed-accuracy trade-off is that the probability of making an error is always high (Samavatyan Leth-Steensen, 2009). References Craik, F. Lockhart, R. (1972). Levels of processing: A framework for memory research. Journal of Verbal Learning and Verbal Behavior, 11(6), 671-684. https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0022-5371(72)80001-x Miller, G. (1994). The magical number seven, plus or minus two: Some limits on our capacity for processing information. Psychological Review, 101(2), 343-352. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/0033-295x.101.2.343 Posner, M., Boies, S., Eichelman, W., Taylor, R. (1969). Retention of visual and name codes of single letters. Journal of Experimental Psychology, 79(1, Pt.2), 1-16. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0026947 Sperling, G. (1960). The information is available in brief visual presentations. Psychological Monographs: General and Applied, 74(11), 1-29. https://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0093759 Samavatyan, H. Leth-Steensen, C. (2009). The time course of task switching: A speedaccuracy trade-off analysis. Memory Cognition, 37(7), 1051-1058. https://dx.doi.org/10.3758/mc.37.7.1051